What is atrial fibrillation?

The heart has its own electrical system. In a healthy heart, regular electrical signals cause your heart to pump blood in a steady rhythm of 60 to 100 beats per minute. This is known as your heartbeat.  

With a normal heartbeat, your heart can effectively pump blood to the rest of your body. Arrhythmia is a fault in the heart’s electrical system that affects its pumping rhythm. This causes your heart to beat too fast, too slowly or irregularly.  

Atrial fibrillation (also called AF or Afib) is a type of arrhythmia. In atrial fibrillation, abnormal electrical activity in the top chambers of the heart overwhelms the heart’s own pacemaker (part of its electrical system) and the conduction messages become chaotic.  

This causes the heart’s top two chambers (atria) to twitch rather than contract. The atria twitch rapidly and out of rhythm with the heart’s lower two chambers (ventricles).  

As a result, your heart beats in a fast and irregular way. This reduces your heart’s ability to pump blood properly. It also increases the chance of blood clots forming in your heart and travelling up to your brain, where it can cause a stroke. Atrial fibrillation is not usually life-threatening when it's properly treated.  

The symptoms of atrial fibrillation are different for everyone. Some people experience daily symptoms. Other people experience no symptoms at all. 

Common symptoms of atrial fibrillation include: 

This type of atrial fibrillation starts and stops suddenly. Episodes can last for seconds, minutes, hours or up to a week. Episodes stop without treatment.  

This type of atrial fibrillation has episodes that last longer than a week. Medications or ‘electrical shock’ treatment are needed to get the heart back into normal rhythm to stop the episode. 

This type of atrial fibrillation continues long term (longer than one year). The heart doesn’t return to a normal rhythm and medications may be used to help control symptoms. 

Atrial fibrillation is a progressive disease. This means that it gets worse over time. As a result, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation can develop into persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation.  

Atrial flutter is another type of arrhythmia in which your heart's atria beat too quickly. This causes your heart to beat in a fast, regular rhythm. Atrial flutter is similar to atrial fibrillation, but the heart rhythm is more regular and less chaotic than the abnormal rhythm in atrial fibrillation.  

The risk factors, causes, and symptoms of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation are similar. Like atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter is not usually life-threatening when it's properly treated. Sometimes atrial flutter can develop into atrial fibrillation and vice versa.  

Having atrial fibrillation increases your risk of complications, including having a stroke or developing heart failure. Both of these are serious conditions. It’s good to know that by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing your medical conditions, you can reduce your risk of developing atrial fibrillation. 

The causes of atrial fibrillation are not always clear. Certain medical conditions are known to cause atrial fibrillation. Other medical conditions and lifestyle factors are known to increase your risk of developing atrial fibrillation. These causes and risk factors include:  

Atrial fibrillation can also occur in people with no other known medical conditions. This is called lone atrial fibrillation. 

Learn more about risk factors for heart disease.

People who have paroxysmal atrial fibrillation may find there are certain things that trigger an atrial fibrillation episode, such as: 

You can lower your risk of developing atrial fibrillation by: 

Atrial fibrillation is a major cause of stroke in Australia. People with atrial fibrillation are five times more likely to have a stroke than those without.   

This is because atrial fibrillation reduces your heart’s ability to pump blood properly. This increases the chance of blood pooling in the heart and forming clots. If these clots travel up to your brain, they can cause a stroke.  

It’s good to know that there are a number of ways to reduce your risk of stroke by working with your doctor. Your doctor will regularly assess your risk of stroke and may prescribe blood thinning medications (anti-coagulants) or discuss other options available to you. Blood thinning medications greatly reduce the risk of stroke. Always follow your doctor’s instructions about which is the best treatment for you.  

If you’re living with atrial fibrillation it’s important to know the warning signs of a stroke and the importance of seeking help early.

What is the risk of heart failure with atrial fibrillation?  

How is atrial fibrillation diagnosed? 

• Blood test – This helps rule out thyroid problems or other things in your blood that could cause atrial fibrillation. 
• Chest X-ray – These images help your doctor see your lungs and heart to rule out atrial fibrillation. 
• Echocardiogram – This test creates moving pictures of your heart. It may diagnose structural heart disease or blood clots in your heart. 
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) – This test is the main tool for diagnosing atrial fibrillation. It measures your heart’s electrical signals. 
• Event recorder – This is a portable ECG. It records your heart's activity over weeks to months. 
• Holter monitor – This is a portable ECG. It records your heart's activity for 24 hours or longer. 
• Implantable loop recorder – This may be implanted under your skin in the chest area to continually record your heart's electrical activity and detect abnormal heart rhythms. 
• Stress test (exercise testing) – This test is performed by your doctor during exercise.    

What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation? 

It’s important to treat atrial fibrillation to manage its symptoms and prevent a stroke. The treatment for atrial fibrillation differs between people, depending on your symptoms, the underlying cause, and any other health conditions. 

Usually, atrial fibrillation can be well managed by your doctor with: 

• Medication – Regular medication can be given to normalise the heart’s rhythm (anti-arrhythmic agents) or slow the heart rate (beta-blockers, some calcium channel blockers and digoxin). Blood thinning (anticoagulation) medications may also be prescribed.   
• ​Electrical cardioversion – An electrical shock to the chest done under general anaesthesia to restore the heart’s normal electrical rhythm. 
• Pharmacological cardioversion – Medication to restore the heart’s normal electrical rhythm in a short period of time. 
• Catheter ablation – A procedure performed in hospital using a catheter to destroy (ablate) the area inside the heart that’s causing the abnormal rhythm. If your doctor recommends an ablation, they will discuss the benefits and risks with you. 
• Pacemaker – A small implantable device that electrically stimulates the heart to maintain a regular heart rhythm. 
• Lifestyle changes – Stopping drinking and smoking will reduce the burden of atrial fibrillation on your life.   
• Weight loss (if overweight) 
• Management of other medical conditions – Including high blood pressure, heart failure, heart valve disease and diabetes. 
• Obstrustive sleep apnoea management 
• Avoiding triggers (where possible)
• Exercise  

Should you exercise if you have atrial fibrillation? 

When you're first diagnosed, you may be worried that exercise might trigger an episode or make your condition worse. In fact, exercise is very important for your ongoing health and wellbeing.  

Regular exercise has many heart health benefits, including: 

• Reduced risk of stroke
• Reduced atrial fibrillation symptoms 
• Lowered resting heart rate over time
• Reduced risk of other heart diseases 
• Weight management 
• Improved mood and sense of wellbeing. 

Living with atrial fibrillation 

Receiving an atrial fibrillation diagnosis can be scary and frightening. But you’re not alone. Around half a million Australians are currently living with atrial fibrillation.1 Medical treatment, exercise and cardiac rehabilitation classes (exercise plan) will allow you to manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life.  

It’s important that you see your doctor regularly to review your heart health, medications, risk of stroke and lifestyle. Taking your medications every day is vital to manage your atrial fibrillation. Talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse if you have any questions about your treatment plan or medicines. 

The good news is that although atrial fibrillation is a long-term condition, if managed correctly, you can continue to lead a long and active life. 


Remember that the Heart Foundation Helpline is available to give you further information and support you. Call 13 11 12 Monday to Friday during business hours.