Stroke

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A stroke occurs when an artery supplying blood to a part of the brain becomes blocked or bursts. As a result, that part of the brain is damaged because it is deprived of its blood supply which normally carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain, allowing it to function.

To find out about the causes and diagnosis of stroke, and how to reduce your risk, use the navigation bar below.

Symptoms

Diagnoses

Treatments

Management

There are two types of stroke and they have different causes.

Ischaemic Strokes
An ischaemic stroke is the most common type of stroke. It is usually caused by a blood clot in an artery that supplies blood to your brain.

A clot may form in an artery, in the brain itself, or a clot that has formed in a larger artery in your chest or neck that may break away and be carried by the bloodstream to a smaller artery in your brain where it becomes lodged.

Clots tend to form in arteries that have become narrowed by the slow build up of fatty material called 'plaque' or 'atheroma'. This gradual clogging process is known as 'atherosclerosis', and is the same process that causes coronary heart disease.

Haemorrhagic Strokes
Haemorrhagic strokes happen when an artery in your brain bursts. They lead to bleeding in your brain and squashing of the tissue around the broken artery.

This type of stroke is usually caused by high blood pressure and/or diseases involving the blood vessels in your brain.

Common stroke symptoms are the sudden onset of one or more of the following:

loss of strength (paralysis) of the face, arm and/or leg on one side of the body
loss of feeling (including complete loss of sensation, numbness or tingling) of the face, arm and/or leg on one side of the body
loss of normal speech (e.g. difficulty finding the correct words to say)
loss of balance
loss of normal vision (e.g. double vision, poor vision).

A stroke is a medical emergency. If you, or someone around you experiences any of the stroke symptoms described above, seek urgent medical attention by dialling Triple Zero (000).

A number of tests may be done in hospital to confirm the diagnosis of a stroke, including a CT scan or MRI to determine the type of stroke and the part of the brain affected.

A stroke will effect different people in different ways. It also depends on what kind of stroke a person has had and what part of the brain has been affected as a result of the stroke. For best advice on treatments after a stroke visit the National Stroke Foundation or call the helpline on 1800 787 653.

Reducing the risk of a stroke

The main risk factors for a stroke are:

high blood pressure
cigarette smoking
high blood cholesterol
diabetes
heavy alcohol use and 'binge' drinking
existing heart and blood vessel disease, including disorders of heart rhythm (such as atrial fibrillation), coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease
previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
increasing age.

To reduce your risk of stroke:

maintain healthy blood pressure, blood sugar and blood cholesterol levels – have them checked regularly, follow your doctor’s advice and take any medicines as prescribed
don't smoke – for information on quitting smoking call the Quitline on 13 QUIT
enjoy healthy eating – eat a variety of foods which are low in saturated fat and salt
be physically active – include 30 minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity (such as brisk walking) on most, or all, days of the week
drink alcohol only in moderation, if at all – if you have high blood pressure or are taking blood pressure medicine, you are advised to limit alcohol intake to no more than two drinks per day (men), or one drink per day (women)
achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.

If you have a high risk of stroke, or have already had a stroke, your doctor may recommend medicine to help stop blood clots forming. Your doctor may also consider a procedure to remove the fatty deposits that are clogging the artery in the neck that carries blood to the brain. This procedure is called 'carotid endarterectomy'. For more information on stroke visit the National Stroke Foundation or call the helpline on 1800 787 653.